Central Bank Guidelines on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The State Bank of Pakistan vide its BSD circular no.7 dated May 27, 2004 (https://www.sbp.org.pk/bsd/2004/C7.htm) has issued guidelines on the internal control over financial reporting for all banks / DFIs naming SBP Internal Control Guidelines) and in order to ensure consistency in the …
Internal Control over Financial Reporting (ICFR) Read More »
Introduction Earnings per Share (EPS) is an important concept of accounting. In this article we are covering below topics of EPS; Basic concept and formula of EPS Preference Shares treatment Issue of new shares Bonus Issue Basic Concept and formula of earnings per share The rules for calculating Earnings per Share are defined …
Introduction How Marketing Department Works! The function of marketing department in any organization is very important in today’s world. This department is generally responsible for development and implementation of marketing strategies. It also plans for the company which includes creation of corporate brand, create awareness of products and services. Marketing Department Responsibilities Depending …
Foreign Exchange Rate Foreign exchange rate is the price at which currency of one country is exchanged with currency of another currency. There are two methods of presenting currencies; Direct Quote Indirect Quote 1) Direct Quote Direct quote is the number of units required for domestic currency to be exchanged with foreign currency. …
Rules 5.6.1 of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) requires each listed company to give notice to SECP and PSX for all price sensitive information. Every Listed Company shall immediately inform to the Commission (SECP) and the Exchange (PSX) all price-sensitive information relating to the business and other affairs of the listed company that may …
Introduction Diluted earnings per Share (EPS) is an important concept of accounting. In this article we are covering below topics of diluted EPS; Meaning of Dilution Convertible shares and convertible bonds Options and Warrants Employee share options Basic Concept of Diluted EPS Dilution means reduction in strength. A company issues convertible shares / …
Compliance for Stock Exchange Broker We have compiled Regulatory Compliance applicable for Stock Exchange Broker as follows. Compliance at client level Confirmations of the orders by the clients are required to be transmitted within 24 hours of the execution of the order. The Broker must not pledged any of the shares …
How MIRR is different from IRR Modified internal rate of return is a calculation of the return from a project, with an assumption that cash flows earned from a project shall be reinvested to earn a return equal to the company’s cost of capital (Ke) and not IRR. Therefore, in the example of the …
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The internal rate of return (IRR) is another method investment appraisal other than Net Present Value (NPV). It is the discount rate which makes Net Present Value Zero. The companies have their own target of rate of return on particular projects. If internal rate of return (IRR) is higher or …
Introduction Time value of money is the basic concept of finance which says that value of money as of today is more than value of money in the future period. To calculate time value of money we have two methods; Compounding Discounting Time value of money – Compounding Compounding is the estimate of future cash …
